What is involuntary alienation?

Involuntary alienation refers to the transfer of property ownership against the will of the owner, typically due to legal processes or financial distress. This can occur through mechanisms such as foreclosure, tax sales, or court orders, where external factors force the sale or transfer of property.

Option B accurately captures this concept, indicating that the transfer of ownership occurs due to lack of funds or legal actions, which are prime scenarios where involuntary alienation takes place. In these situations, the owner's lack of ability to maintain financial obligations or compliance with legal requirements results in the loss of their property rights without their consent.

The other options describe scenarios of property transfer that involve the owner's choice or initiative. For example, voluntary transfers like gifts or sales in a competitive market do not align with the notion of involuntary alienation, as they imply a willing and voluntary action from the property owner.